基于约瑟夫森结的超导量子芯片进展概述

doi:10.19678/j.issn.1000-3428.0051917

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

超导量子计算机具有芯片加工技术成熟、系统集成度高、可扩展性能好等优势,但超导量子计算需要加大芯片的量子位集成度,同时需保证量子芯片的退相干时间来实现容错量子计算。对超导量子芯片的前沿进展进行分析,阐述超导量子比特的物理机理与优缺点,并研究几种最基本的量子比特特点。讨论超导量子比特之间的耦合方案,包含局域耦合和非局域耦合。通过对近年来主流扩展和布局方案进行分析,结果表明,实现量子算法编程适用一维或者二维阵列,而最大纠缠和全耦合则选用环绕式的扩展方案,可为大规模、高效率的量子计算的芯片设计提供一种思路。

关键词: 超导量子比特, 退相干时间, 耦合, 表面码, 量子算法

Abstract:

Superconducting quantum computers have the advantages of mature chip processing technology,high system integration,and good scalability.However,superconducting quantum computing needs to increase the quantum integration of chips and ensure decoherence time of quantum chips to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computing.The advancement of superconducting quantum chips is analyzed,and the physical mechanism,advantages and disadvantages of superconducting quantum bus are presented,and several basic quantum bits characteristics are studied.The coupling scheme is discussed between superconducting qubits,including local and non-local coupling.Analysis results on mainstream expansion and layout schemes in recent years show that quantum algorithm programming is suitable for one-dimensional or two-dimensional arrays,while maximum entanglement and full coupling use wraparound expansion schemes to achieve large-scale,high-efficiency quantum to provied an idea for the design of the computational chip.

Key words: superconducting quantum bit, decoherence time, coupling, surface code, quantum algorithm

中图分类号:

TP391

余玄,陆新,奚军,邵培南. 基于约瑟夫森结的超导量子芯片进展概述[J]. 计算机工程, 2018, 44(12): 33-38,45.

YU Xuan,LU Xin,XI Jun,SHAO Peinan. Progress Overview of Superconducting Quantum Chip Based on Josephson Junction[J]. Computer Engineering, 2018, 44(12): 33-38,45.

http://www.ecice06.com/CN/Y2018/V44/I12/33

参考文献

［1］FEYNMAN R P.Simulating physics with computers［J］.International Journal of Theoretical Physics,1982,21(6):467-488.
［2］SHOR P W.Algorithms for quantum computation:discrete logarithms and factoring［C］//Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science.Santa Fe,USA:［s.n.］,1994:124-134.
［3］KELLY J S.Fault-tolerant superconducting qubits［D］.Santa Barbara,USA:University of California,2015.
［4］WANG Y,UM M,ZHANG J,et al.Single-qubit quantum memory exceeding ten-minute coherence time［J］.Nature Photonics,2017,11(10):646-650.
［5］潘健,余琦,彭新华.多量子比特核磁共振体系的实验操控技术［J］.物理学报,2017,66(15):57-67.
［6］KNILL E,LAFLAMME R,MILBURN G J.A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics［J］.Nature,2001,409(6816):46-52.
［7］RIGETTI C,POLETTO S,GAMBETTA J M,et al.Superconducting qubit in waveguide cavity with coherence time approaching 0.1 ms［J］.Physical Review B,2012,86(10):2904-2912.
［8］GIRVIN S M.Circuit QED:superconducting qubits coupled to microwave photons［EB/OL］.［2017-12-01］.http://oxfordindex.oup.com/.
［9］MARTINIS J M.Macroscopicquantum tunneling and energy-level quantization in the zero voltage state of the current-biased Josephson Junction［D］.Berkeley,USA:University of California,1985.
［10］BOUCHIAT V,VION D,JOYEZ P,et al.Quantum coherence with a single cooper pair［J］.Physica Scripta,2006(76):165.
［11］MAKHLI N,YURI Y,SCHO N,et al.Quantum-state engineering with Josephson Junction devices［J］.Physics,2000,73(2):357-400.
［12］NISKANEN A O,HARRABI K,YOSHIHARA F,et al.Quantum coherent tunable coupling of superconducting qubits［J］.Science,2007,316(5825):723-726.
［13］BIALCZAK R C,ANSMANN M,HOFHEINZ M,et al.Fast tunable coupler for superconducting qubits［J］.Physical Review Letters,2011,106(6).
［14］CHEN Y,NEILL C,ROUSHAN P,et al.Qubit architecture with high coherence and fast tunable coupling［J］.Physical Review Letters,2014,113(22).
［15］HATRIDGE M,VIJAY R,SLICHTER D H,et al.Dispersive magnetometry with a quantum limited SQUID parametric amplifier［J］.Physical Review B,2010,83(13):970-978.
［16］NAKAMURA Y,PASHKIN Y A,TSAI J S.Coherent control of macroscopic quantum states in a single-cooper-pair box［J］.Nature,1999,398(6730):786-788.
［17］CHIORESCU I,NAKAMURA Y,HARMANS C J,et al.Coherent quantum dynamics of a superconducting flux qubit［J］.Science,2003,299(5614):1869-1871.
［18］MARTINIS J M.Superconducting phase qubits［J］.Quantum Information Processing,2009,8(2/3):81-103.
［19］GU X,KOCKUM A F,MIRANOWICZ A,et al.Microwave photonics with superconducting quantum circuits［J］.Physics Reports,2017,718:1-102.
［20］PASHKIN Y A,ASTAFIEV O,YAMAMOTO T,et al.Josephson charge qubits:a brief review［J］.Quantum Information Processing,2009,8(2/3):55-80.
［21］SCHUSTER D I.Circuit quantum electrodynamics［D］.New Haven,USA:Yale University,2007.
［22］FRIEDMAN J R,PATEL V,CHEN W,et al.Quantum superposition of distinct macroscopic states［J］.Nature,2000,406(6791):43-46.
［23］MOOIJ J E,LLOYD S.Josephson persistent-current qubit［J］.Science,1999,285(5430):1036.
［24］OLIVER W D,WELANDER P B.Materials in superconducting quantum bits［J］.MRS Bulletin,2013,38(10):816-825.
［25］DEVORET M H,MARTINIS J M.Implementing qubits with superconducting integrated circuits［J］.Quantum Information Processing,2004,3(1-5):163-203.
［26］VION D,AASSIME A,COTTET A,et al.Manipulating the quantum state of an electrical circuit［J］.Science,2002,296(5569):886-889.
［27］MANUCHARYAN V E,KOCH J,GLAZMAN L I,et al.Fluxonium:single cooper-pair circuit free of charge offsets［J］.Science,2009,326(5949):113-116.
［28］YAN F,GUSTAVSSON S,KAMAL A,et al.The flux qubit revisited to enhance coherence and reproducibility［J］.Nature Communications,2016,7:12964.
［29］KOCH J,YU T M,GAMBETTA J,et al.Charge-insensitive qubit design derived from the Cooper pair box［J］.Physics,2007,76(4):538-538.
［30］PAIK H,SCHUSTER D I,BISHOP L S,et al.Observation of high coherence in Josephson junction qubits measured in a three-dimensional circuit QED architecture［J］.Physical Review Letters,2011,107(24).
［31］BARENDS R,KELLY J,MEGRANT A,et al.Super-conducting quantum circuits at the surface code threshold for fault tolerance［J］.Nature,2014,508(7497):500.
［32］LARSEN T W,PETERSSON K D,KUEMMETH F,et al.Semiconductor-nanowire-based superconducting qubit［J］.Physical Review Letters,2015,115(12).
［33］ZAZUNOV A,SHUMEIKO V S,BRATUS E N,et al.Andreev level qubit［J］.Physical Review Letters,2003,90(8).
［34］WENDIN G.Quantum information processing with superconducting circuits:a review［J］.Reports on Progress in Physics,2017,80(10).
［35］金贻荣,郑东宁.超导量子计算:长退相干量子比特发展之路［J］.科学通报,2017(34):3935-3946.
［36］MARTINIS J M,MEGRANT A.UCSB final report for the CSQ program:review of decoherence and materials physics for superconducting qubits［EB/OL］.［2017-12-01］.http://101.96.10.63/www.physics.ucsb.edu.
［37］BIALCZAK R R C.Development of the fundamental components of a superconducting qubit Quantum computer［D］.Santa Barbara,USA:University of California,2011.
［38］JEFFREY E,SANK D,MUTUS J Y,et al.Fast accurate state measurement with superconducting qubits［J］.Physical Review Letters,2014,112(19).
［39］MAJER J,CHOW J M,GAMBETTA J M,et al.Coupling superconducting qubits via a cavity bus［J］.Nature,2007,449(7161):443-4477.
［40］SANDBERG M,PERSSON F,HOI I C,et al.Exploring circuit quantum electrodynamics using a widely tunable superconducting resonator［J］.Physica Scripta,2009,2009(137).
［41］PALACIOS L A,NGUYEN F,MALLET F,et al.Tunable resonators for quantum Circuits［J］.Journal of Low Temperature Physics,2008,151(3/4):1034-1042.
(下转第45页)
(上接第38页)
［42］HARRIS R,BERKLEY A J,JOHNSON M W,et al.Sign and magnitude-tunable coupler for superconducting flux qubits［J］.Physical Review Letters,2007,98(17).
［43］ALLMAN M S,ALTOMARE F,WHITTAKER J D,et al.rf-SQUID-mediated coherent tunable coupling between a superconducting phase qubit and a lumped-element resonator［J］.Physical Review Letters,2010,104(17).
［44］MCKAY D C,FILIPP S,MEZZACAPO A,et al.A universal gate for fixed-frequency qubits via a tunable bus［J］.Physical Review Applied,2016,6(6).
［45］KELLY J,BARENDS R,FOWLER A G,et al.State preservation by repetitive error detection in a super-conducting quantum circuit［J］.Nature,2015,519(7541):66-69.
［46］WANG Y,LI Y,YIN Z,et al.16-qubit IBM universal quantum computer can be fully entangled［EB/OL］.［2017-12-01］.http://cn.arxiv.org/abs/1801.03782.
［47］BARENDS R,KELLY J,MEGRANT A,et al.Super-conducting quantum circuits at the surface code threshold for fault tolerance［J］.Nature,2014,508(7497):500.
［48］NEILL C,ROUSHAN P,KECHEDZHI K,et al.A blueprint for demonstrating quantum supremacy with superconducting qubits［J］.Science,2017,360(6385).
［49］VENEGAS A S E,CRUZSANTOS W,MCGEOCH C,et al.A cross-disciplinary introduction to quantum annealing-based algorithms［J］.Contemporary Physics,2018,59(2):174-196.
［50］TAKITA M,CORCOLES A D,MAGESAN E,et al.Demonstration of weight-four parity measurements in the surface code architecture［J］.Physical Review Letters,2016,117(21).
［51］CHEN Y,SANK D,O’MALLEY P,et al.Multiplexed dispersive readout of superconducting phase qubits［J］.Applied Physics Letters,2012,101(18).
［52］LUCERO E,BARENDS R,CHEN Y,et al.Computing prime factors with a Josephson phase qubit quantum processor［J］.Nature Physics,2012,8(10):719-723.
［53］SONG C,XU K,LIU W,et al.10-qubit entanglement and parallel logic operations with a superconducting circuit［J］.Physical Review Letters,2017,119(18).

[1]	张炯, 王丽芳, 蔺素珍, 秦品乐, 米嘉, 刘阳. 局部全局特征耦合与交叉尺度注意的医学图像融合[J]. 计算机工程, 2023, 49(3): 238-247.
[2]	邓翔宇, 吕亚辉, 陈岩. 无耦合PCNN频域特性分析[J]. 计算机工程, 2022, 48(6): 213-221.
[3]	黄帅, 张毅. 基于梯形跨尺度特征耦合网络的SAR图像舰船检测[J]. 计算机工程, 2022, 48(12): 270-280.
[4]	郭淑娟, 高媛, 秦品乐, 王丽芳. 基于多尺度边缘保持分解与PCNN的医学图像融合[J]. 计算机工程, 2021, 47(3): 276-283.
[5]	洪途, 景乃锋. 存算解耦合的粗粒度可重构阵列访存结构设计[J]. 计算机工程, 2021, 47(2): 239-245.
[6]	夏元天, 周菊香, 徐天伟. 含时变延迟且控制方向未知的自适应迭代学习[J]. 计算机工程, 2020, 46(7): 312-320.
[7]	范巧玲, 贾向东, 纪澎善, 路艺. 异构网络解耦与耦合级联方案覆盖性能比较[J]. 计算机工程, 2020, 46(3): 151-156.
[8]	张璐, 朱海婷. 一种高效的分布式水军群组检测算法[J]. 计算机工程, 2019, 45(7): 6-12.
[9]	刘芸,于治楼,付强. 联合耦合字典学习与图像正则化的跨媒体检索方法[J]. 计算机工程, 2019, 45(6): 230-236.
[10]	曹蕾. 基于快速响应码约束的光学图像加密算法[J]. 计算机工程, 2019, 45(1): 121-128.
[11]	高媛,贾紫婷,秦品乐,王丽芳. 基于压缩感知与自适应PCNN的医学图像融合[J]. 计算机工程, 2018, 44(9): 224-229.
[12]	谷凯凯,周东国,许晓路,蔡炜,周正钦,胡文山,黄华. 一种基于局部特征的PCNN电力故障区域提取方法[J]. 计算机工程, 2018, 44(7): 291-296.
[13]	叶润,邓煜. 基于稀疏性理论与子问题耦合的多目标跟踪方法[J]. 计算机工程, 2017, 43(6): 219-224,229.
[14]	侯艳丽,夏克文,纪学军. 基于仿生耦合处理的阵列孔径扩展研究[J]. 计算机工程, 2017, 43(11): 277-280.
[15]	杨少华,王瑛,刘刚. 基于耦合约束的飞机维修作业调度优化研究[J]. 计算机工程, 2016, 42(9): 297-304.

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容