在阵列信号处理过程中,空间谱表示信号在空间各个方向的能量分布[1],常用的空间谱估计算法有旋转不变子空间(Estimating Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques,ESPRIT)算法[2]、多重信号分类(Multiple Signal Classification,MUSIC)算法[3]和相关改进算法[4-5],这些算法都是以事先已知信源的个数为前提条件。目前,信源个数估计多使用基于信息论准则的方法,包括最小信息准则(Akaike Information Criterion,AIC)[6]、最小描述长度(Minimum Description Length,MDL)准则[7]及相关改进算法[8-9],但这些算法仅适用于白噪声环境下的信源个数估计。
适用于色噪声环境的盖尔圆估计(Gerschgorin Disk Estimation,GDE)准则[10]虽然能够弥补信息论准则在色噪声环境下信源个数估计失效的不足,但其在低信噪比和小快拍数条件下的性能会急剧下降甚至失效。针对该问题,文献[11]提出一种新的酉变换方法,并结合GDE准则进行信源个数估计。实验结果表明,该方法在快拍数为90时的信源个数检测准确率达到90%,但是要求信噪比在10 dB以上。文献[12]将GDE准则和AIC准则结合,克服了特征值的无序性导致估计错误的缺陷,使得检测准确率在信噪比为-5 dB时达到93%,但该方法要求较大的快拍数。文献[13]对盖尔圆半径进行压缩,并结合盖尔圆心值提出一种基于自适应调整因子的GDE准则。实验结果表明,该方法在信噪比为-4 dB、快拍数大于2 000的条件下检测准确率为80%,而在信噪比为15 dB、快拍数为50时检测准确率达到90%。由此可知,该方法无法同时保证低信噪比和小快拍数条件下的检测性能。文献[14]利用接收信号协方差矩阵的对角线平均值来构建新的协方差矩阵,并结合GDE准则估计信号源数。该算法在非平稳的色噪声环境中,信噪比为-8 dB、快拍数为100时的检测准确率就已经达到80%以上,虽然能同时保证低信噪比和小快拍数情况下的高检测准确率,但仅限于在10个阵元估计2个信源的条件下。文献[15]基于Khatri-Rao积先对接收信号的协方差矩阵做延迟处理后再对矩阵进行矢量化来构造新的矩阵,并结合盖尔圆准则估计信源数。该方法虽然能在
上述GDE准则及改进方法对于含
本文结合文献[17]方法,针对WGDE准则对增广加权盖尔圆矩阵信息利用不足的缺陷,提出一种在增广加权盖尔圆矩阵中获取多重特征并融合的信源个数估计方法。同时获取可用于描述信源个数的盖尔圆心值、盖尔圆半径和加权盖尔圆半径等多重特征进行融合,构建能够描述信源个数的高维特征向量,标定后代入支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)中训练可用于信源个数估计的分类器,并利用包含
假设
| $ \mathit{\boldsymbol X}\left(t\right)=\mathit{\boldsymbol A}\mathit{\boldsymbol S}\left(t\right)+\mathit{\boldsymbol N}\left(t\right) $ | (1) |
其中,
在满足奈奎斯特采样定理[18]的条件下,对
| $ \boldsymbol{R}_{\mathrm{xx}}=\frac{1}{L} \sum\limits_{l=1}^{L} \boldsymbol{X}(l) \boldsymbol{X}(l)^{\mathrm{H}}$ | (2) |
其中,
| $ {\mathit{\boldsymbol R}}_{\mathrm{x}\mathrm{x}}=\sum\limits_{m=1}^{M}{\lambda }_{m}{\mathit{\boldsymbol u}}_{m}{\mathit{\boldsymbol u}}_{m}^{\mathrm{H}} $ | (3) |
其中,
| $ {\mathit{\boldsymbol R}}_{M+1}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{\mathit{\boldsymbol R}}_{\mathrm{x}\mathrm{x}}& \mathit{\boldsymbol r}\\ {\mathit{\boldsymbol r}}^{\mathrm{H}}& \boldsymbol 1\end{array}\right] $ | (4) |
其中,
| $ \mathit{\boldsymbol T}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\mathit{\boldsymbol u}& \boldsymbol 0\\ \boldsymbol 0& \boldsymbol 1\end{array}\right] $ | (5) |
其中,
| $ {\mathit{\boldsymbol R}}_{\mathrm{G}}={\mathit{\boldsymbol T}}^{\mathrm{H}}{\mathit{\boldsymbol R}}_{M+1}\mathit{\boldsymbol T}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\mathit{\pmb{\Sigma }}& {\mathit{\boldsymbol u}}^{\mathrm{H}}\mathit{\boldsymbol r}\\ {\mathit{\boldsymbol r}}^{\mathrm{H}}\mathit{\boldsymbol u}& \boldsymbol 1\end{array}\right]= \\ \;\;\;\; \left[\begin{array}{ccccc}{\lambda }_{1}& 0& \cdots & 0& {p}_{1}\\ 0& {\lambda }_{2}& \cdots & 0& {p}_{2}\\ 0& 0& & ⋮& ⋮\\ ⋮& ⋮& & {\lambda }_{M}& {p}_{M}\\ {p}_{1}^{\mathrm{*}}& {p}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}}& \cdots & {p}_{M}^{\mathrm{*}}& 1\end{array}\right] $ | (6) |
其中,
| $ \mathit{\boldsymbol W}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\mathit{\pmb{\Sigma }}& \boldsymbol 0\\ 0& \boldsymbol 1\end{array}\right] $ | (7) |
对
| $ {\mathit{\boldsymbol R}}_{\mathrm{F}}=\mathit{\boldsymbol W}{\mathit{\boldsymbol R}}_{\mathrm{G}}{\mathit{\boldsymbol W}}^{-1}= \\ \;\;\;\;\;\; \left[\begin{array}{ccccc}{\lambda }_{1}& 0& \cdots & 0& {\lambda }_{1}{p}_{1}\\ 0& {\lambda }_{2}& \cdots & 0& {\lambda }_{2}{p}_{2}\\ 0& 0& & ⋮& ⋮\\ ⋮& ⋮& & {\lambda }_{M}& {\lambda }_{M}{p}_{M}\\ \frac{1}{{\lambda }_{1}}{p}_{1}^{\mathrm{*}}& \frac{1}{{\lambda }_{2}}{p}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}}& \cdots & \frac{1}{{\lambda }_{M}}{p}_{M}^{\mathrm{*}}& 1\end{array}\right] $ | (8) |
令
| $ \begin{array}{l}{k}^{*}=\underset{1<m<M}{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}m\\ \mathrm{s}.\mathrm{t}.\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }{r}_{m}-\frac{1}{M}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}\sqrt{{r}_{i}}<0\end{array} $ | (9) |
则利用WGDE准则得到的最终信源估计个数为:
| $ {k}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{E}}={k}^{*}-1 $ | (10) |
在增广加权盖尔圆矩阵
| $ \mathit{\boldsymbol \theta }={\left[{\lambda }_{1}, {\lambda }_{2}, \cdots , {\lambda }_{M}, {p}_{1}, {p}_{2}, \cdots , {p}_{M}, {r}_{1}, {r}_{2}, \cdots , {r}_{M}\right]}^{\mathrm{T}} $ | (11) |
分别对式(11)中的各特征做归一化处理,如式(12)~式(14)所示:
| $ {\dot{\lambda }}_{m}=\frac{{\lambda }_{m}}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}\lambda {}_{{}_{i}}} $ | (12) |
| $ {\dot{p}}_{m}=\frac{{p}_{m}}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}{p}_{i}} $ | (13) |
| $ {\dot{r}}_{m}=\frac{{r}_{m}}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}{r}_{i}} $ | (14) |
其中,
| $ \dot{\mathit{\boldsymbol \theta }}={\left[{\dot{\lambda }}_{1}, {\dot{\lambda }}_{2}, \cdots , {\dot{\lambda }}_{M}, {\dot{p}}_{1}, {\dot{p}}_{2}, \cdots , {\dot{p}}_{M}, {\dot{r}}_{1}, {\dot{r}}_{2}, \cdots , {\dot{r}}_{M}\right]}^{\mathrm{T}} $ | (15) |
给定一个包含
| $ K\left(\phi \left({\dot{\theta }}_{n}\right)\mathrm{ }, \phi \left({\dot{\theta }}_{j}\right)\right)=\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(-g{‖\phi \left({\dot{\theta }}_{n}\right)-\phi \left({\dot{\theta }}_{j}\right)‖}^{2}\right) $ | (16) |
在式(16)中,
| $ {\dot{\theta }}_{j}=\frac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{N}{\dot{\theta }}_{n}}{N} $ | (17) |
本文模式分类的SVM设计通过寻找以下优化问题的解来实现:
| $ \begin{array}{l}\underset{{\omega }_{m}\mathrm{ }, {b}_{m}}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\mathrm{ }\sum\limits_{n=1}^{N}\sum\limits_{m=1}^{M-1}\frac{1}{2}{‖{\omega }_{m}‖}^{2}+c\underset{m}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{\epsilon }_{n, m}\\ \mathrm{s}.\mathrm{t}.\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\left|{\omega }_{m}^{\mathrm{T}}\phi \left({\dot{\theta }}_{n}\right)+{b}_{m}-{y}_{n}\right|\le {\epsilon }_{n, m}\end{array} $ | (18) |
其中,
实验采用4-UCA作为接收信号阵列,阵元间距为载波波长的1/2,3个远场窄带信号源的入射角随机设置,分别为
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| 图 1 基于4-UCA的SVM模型在不同网格点上寻优参数对时的准确率等高线图 Fig. 1 Contour map of the accuracy rate when SVM model searches optimal parameter pairs based on -UCA at different grid points | |
实验1 不同快拍数下信源个数估计的对比实验
选取4-UCA接收的包含1个、2个和3个信号源的测试样本各200个,且测试样本与训练样本的入射角不同,信噪比为
实验2 不同信噪比下信源个数估计的对比实验
实验中的条件除了
实验1的检测准确率对比如图 2所示,可以看出:当信号源个数为1和2时,在快拍数
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| 图 2 5种方法在不同快拍数下的检测准确率对比 Fig. 2 Comparison of the detection accuracy of five methods under different snapshot numbers | |
实验2的检测准确率对比如图 3所示,可以看出:当信号源个数为1和2时,GDE方法和WGDE方法在信噪比大于等于
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| 图 3 5种方法在不同信噪比下的检测准确率对比 Fig. 3 Comparison of the detection accuracy of five methods under different signal-to-noise ratios | |
GDE准则及现有改进方法大多只能估计比阵列天线阵元个数少2个的信源个数。为弥补这一缺陷,本文提出一种基于多重特征融合的信源个数估计方法,从WGDE准则得到的增广加权盖尔圆盘矩阵中同时获取盖尔圆心、盖尔圆半径和加权盖尔圆半径等多重特征进行融合,构建可描述信源个数的特征向量,并利用SVM训练分类器数学模型用于信源个数估计。基于4-UCA的仿真结果表明,本文方法不仅能够准确估计仅比阵元数少1的信源个数,而且在低信噪比和小快拍数条件下也具有良好的估计性能。本文未考虑信号源数目大于或等于阵元数目的情况,后续将从这一角度出发对信源估计方法做进一步探索。
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2021, Vol. 47

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