摘要：

共识机制是区块链的核心。权益证明(PoS)作为一种共识机制, 与工作量证明(PoW)相比显著降低了资源的消耗。但PoS中积极的低权益诚实节点难以获得记账权, 除此之外, 还存在节点区块验证不积极、币龄累计攻击和出块奖励分配不合理的安全问题。为此, 提出了一种基于PoS的改进方案。首先, 通过引入积分机制来提升积极的低权益诚实节点的总权益, 提高节点获得记账权的概率; 其次, 采用非线性函数进行币龄计算, 防止恶意节点累计币龄发动攻击; 最后, 根据节点综合积分占比分配出块奖励, 在规定时间内积极参与验证或投票的节点会得到奖励, 减少“富者越富”现象, 缩短节点之间的贫富差距。实验结果表明, 相比其他PoS, 所提的改进共识机制有效控制币龄的无限增长, 积极的低权益诚实节点获得奖励和记账权的次数提升了约3.6倍和2.6倍, 降低了系统的中心化趋势, 增大了积极的低权益诚实节点的竞争记账权的机会和减小了币龄攻击的可能性, 进一步验证了所提方案的可行性和优越性, 促进了区块链网络的健康发展。

关键词: 共识机制, 区块链, 权益证明, 积分值机制, 非线性函数, 出块奖励分配

Abstract:

The consensus mechanism is at the core of blockchain. Proof of Stake (PoS), as a consensus mechanism, significantly reduces resource consumption compared with Proof of Work (PoW). However, PoS still faces security issues, such as difficulty in obtaining accounting rights for active low-equity honest nodes, lack of active node block verification, coinage accumulation attacks, and unreasonable allocation of block rewards. Consequently, this study proposes an improved scheme based on PoS. First, an integral mechanism is introduced to enhance the total equity of active low-equity honest nodes and increase the probability of nodes obtaining accounting rights. Second, nonlinear functions are used for the coinage calculation to prevent malicious nodes from accumulating coinage and launching attacks. Finally, using a proportion of comprehensive points of nodes to distribute block rewards, nodes that actively participate in verification or voting within a specified time receive rewards, thereby mitigating the phenomenon of ″the rich getting richer″ and the wealth gap between nodes. The experimental results show that compared to other PoS-improved consensus mechanisms, the proposed mechanism offers more effective control of infinite growth in coinage. The frequency at which the active low-equity honest nodes received rewards and accounting rights increased by 3. 6 and 2. 6 times, respectively. This reduces the centralization trend of the system, enhances the opportunities for active low equity honest nodes to compete for accounting rights, and reduces the possibility of coinage attacks. Further validation of the feasibility and superiority of the scheme has promoted the healthy development of blockchain networks.

Key words: consensus mechanism, blockchain, Proof of Stake(PoS), integral mechanism, nonlinear function, distribution of block rewards