多云存储关键技术研究进展

doi:10.19678/j.issn.1000-3428.0058345

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 传统单云存储在数据安全与服务弹性方面存在数据隐私泄漏及难以满足在线实时应用需求等缺陷，而多云存储技术能够通过虚拟化集成多个云供应商的在线存储服务实现统一存储、性能调优、数据安全与隐私保护等一系列功能，最大化地挖掘云存储资源价值。介绍多云存储技术的概念、系统架构及其优势，阐述多云存储技术在数据可用性、完整性、一致性和安全性方面存在的主要技术挑战，重点分析并总结多云存储各项关键技术的国内外研究现状，包括纠删码容错技术、数据完整性证明机制、并发控制方法以及安全重删技术，在此基础上，指出现有多云存储技术研究中存在的不足，并对未来发展方向进行探讨和展望。

关键词: 多云存储, 纠删码, 完整性证明, 并发控制, 安全重删技术

Abstract: Traditional single-cloud storage leads to data security and service flexibility problems,such as data privacy leakage and difficulty in meeting the needs of online real-time applications.Multi-cloud storage technology uses virtualization to integrate the online storage services of multiple cloud providers,so as to realize functions such as unified storage,performance tuning,data security and privacy protection,maximizing the value of cloud storage resources.This paper introduces the concept of multi-cloud storage technology,as well as its system architecture and advantages.Then the paper describes the main technical challenges of multi-cloud storage technology in data availability,integrity,consistency and security.And it focuses on analyzing and summarizing the research status of key techniques of multi-cloud storage,including erasure code-based fault tolerance,proof mechanism of data integrity,concurrency control method and secure deduplication technique.Finally,according to the weaknesses of the current research works on multi-cloud storage technology,this paper analyzes several potential further research directions.

Key words: multi-cloud storage, erasure code, integrity proof, concurrency control, secure deduplication technology

中图分类号:

TP393

鲍禹含, 付印金, 陈卫卫. 多云存储关键技术研究进展[J]. 计算机工程, 2020, 46(10): 18-32,40.

BAO Yuhan, FU Yinjin, CHEN Weiwei. Research Progress on Key Technologies of Multi-Cloud Storage[J]. Computer Engineering, 2020, 46(10): 18-32,40.

https://www.ecice06.com/CN/Y2020/V46/I10/18

图/表 8

20201023091232

20201023091236

20201023091239

20201023091243

20201023091246

20201023091249

20201023091253

20201023091256

参考文献

[1] FU Yingxun,LUO Shengmei,SHU Jiwu.Survey of secure cloud storage system and key technologies[J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2013,50(1):136-145.(in Chinese) 傅颖勋,罗圣美,舒继武.安全云存储系统与关键技术综述[J].计算机研究与发展,2013,50(1):136-145.
[2] FENG Chaosheng,QIN Zhiguang,YUAN Ding.Techniques of secure storage for cloud data[J].Chinese Journal of Computers,2015,38(1):150-163.(in Chinese) 冯朝胜,秦志光,袁丁.云数据安全存储技术[J].计算机学报,2015,38(1):150-163.
[3] ZHOU Yuezhi,ZHANG Di.Near-end cloud computing:opportunities and challenges in the post-cloud computing era[J].Chinese Journal of Computers,2019,42(4):677-700.(in Chinese) 周悦芝,张迪.近端云计算:后云计算时代的机遇与挑战[J].计算机学报,2019,42(4):677-700.
[4] BUYYA R,RANJAN R,CALHEIROS R N.Inter-Cloud:utility oriented federation of cloud computing environments for scaling of application services[C]//Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2010:13-31.
[5] TSAMOURA E,GOUNARIS A,TSICHLAS K.Multi-objective optimization of data flows in a multi-cloud environment[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Data Analytics in the Cloud.New York,USA:ACM Press,2013:6-10.
[6] SuperCloud Consortium.Welcome to SuperCloud[EB/OL].[2020-04-10].https://supercloud-project.eu.
[7] PETRI I,DIAZ-MOINTES J,ZOU M,et al.Market models for federated clouds[J].IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing,2015,3(3):398-410.
[8] MATEUSE G,ALICJA G,PASCAL B,et al.Cloud brokering:current practices and upcoming challenges[J].IEEE Cloud Computing,2015,2(2):40-47.
[9] SHI Peichang,WANG Huaimin,ZHENG Zibin,et al.Collaboration environment for JointCloud computing[J].SCIENTIA SINICA Informationis,2017,47(9):1129-1148.
[10] KOTLA R,ALVISI L,DAHLIN M.SafeStore:a durable and practical storage system[C]//Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Annual Technical Conference.Berkeley,USA:USENIX Association,2007:129-142.
[11] CHEN H C H,HU Y C,LEE P P C,et al.NCCloud:a network-coding-based storage system in a cloud-of-clouds[J].IEEE Transactions on Computers,2014,63(1):31-44.
[12] DOBRE D,VIOTTI P,VUKOLIĆ M.Hybris:robust hybrid cloud storage[C]//Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing.New York,USA:ACM Press,2014:1-14.
[13] HAO Z,RANMAN R,PAN H,et al.Optimizing information leakage in multicloud storage services[EB/OL].[2020-04-10]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323348778.
[14] FU Yinjin,QIU Xiaofeng, WANG Jian.F2MC:enhancing data storage services with fog-to-MultiCloud hybrid computing[C]//Proceedings of the 38th IEEE International Conference Performance Computing and Communications.Piscataway,USA:IEEE Press,2019:1-6.
[15] ABULIBDEH H,PRINCHHOUSE L,WEATHERSPOON H.RACS:a case for cloud storage diversity[C]//Proceedings of the 1st ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing.New York,USA:ACM Press,2010:453-467.
[16] WU Z,BUTKIEWICZ M,PERKNS D,et al.SPANStore:cost-effective geo-replicated storage spanning multiple cloud services[J].ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communica-tion Review,2013,43(4):545-546.
[17] BERMBACH D,KLEMS M,TAI S,et al.MetaStorage:a federated cloud storage system to manage consistency-latency tradeoffs[C]//Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing.Piscataway,USA:IEEE Press,2011:452-459.
[18] GHEMAWAT S,GOBIOFF H,LEUNG S T.The Google file system[J].ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review,2003,37(5):29-43.
[19] BONVIN N,PAPAIOANNOU T G,ABERER K.A self-organized,fault-tolerant and scalable replication scheme for cloud storage[C]//Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Cloud Computing.New York,USA:ACM Press,2010:205-216.
[20] LIAO Bin,YU Jiong,SUN Hua,et al.A QoS-aware dynamic data replica deletion strategy for distributed storage systems under cloud computing environments[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Cloud and Green Computing.Piscataway,USA:IEEE Press,2012:219-225.
[21] JIA Yaru,LIU Xiangyang,LIU Shengli.Decentralized secure distributed storage system[J].Computer Engineering,2012,38(3):126-129.(in Chinese) 贾亚茹,刘向阳,刘胜利.去中心化的安全分布式存储系统[J].计算机工程,2012,38(3):126-129.
[22] ATENIESE G,BURNS R,CURTMOLA R,et al.Provable data possession at untrusted stores[C]//Proceedings of ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security.New York,USA:ACM Press,2007:146-157.
[23] SHACHAM H,WATERS B.Compact proofs of retrievability[J].Journal of Cryptology,2013,26(3):442-483.
[24] CAO Ning,WANG Cong,LI Ming,et al.Privacy-preserving multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data[J].IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,2014,25(1):222-233.
[25] WANG Liangmin,YANG Zhengdong,SONG Xiangmei,et al.SHAMC:a secure and highly available database system in multi-cloud environment[J].Future Generation Computer Systems,2017(105):873-883.
[26] PRAVIN A,JACOB T P,NAGARAJAN G,et al.Robust technique for data security in multicloud storage using dynamic slicing with hybrid cryptographic technique[J].Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing,2019(17):1-8.
[27] FAN Yijie,QIAO Zhen,XIAO Mingzhong,et al.One cloud:a secure and anonymous multi-cloud oblivious storage architecture[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014(556):5591-5596.
[28] BINDSCHAEDLER V,NAVEED M,PAN X,et al.Practicing oblivious access on cloud storage:the gap,the fallacy,and the new way forward[C]//Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security.New York,USA:ACM Press,2015:837-849.
[29] LIU Zheli,LI Bo,HUANG Yanyu,et al.NewMCOS:towards a practical multi-cloud oblivious storage scheme[J].IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,2020,32(4):714-727.
[30] XUE Liang,YU Yong,LI Yannan,et al.Efficient attribute-based encryption with attribute revocation for assured data deletion[J].Information Sciences,2018(479):640-650.
[31] VANITHA M,KAVITHA C.Secured data destruction in cloud based multi-tenant database architecture[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics.Coimbatore,India:[s.n.],2014:1-6.
[32] Google Cloud.Anthos:a modern application platform for your business[EB/OL].[2020-04-10].http://cloud.google.com/anthos.
[33] IBM Corporation.IBM Cloud Pak for multicloud management[EB/OL].[2020-04-10]. https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSFC4F/product_welcome_cloud_pak.html.
[34] MultCloud Corp.MultCloud-focus on transferring across clouds[EB/OL].[2020-04-10].https://www.multcloud.com.
[35] Xingyun Blooming Technology Co.,Ltd.Cloud steward cloud management platform[EB/OL].[2020-04-10].https://www.cloudbility.com.(in Chinese) 行云绽放科技有限公司.行云管家云管理平台[EB/OL].[2020-04-10].https://www.cloudbility.com.
[36] FIT2CLOUD Information Technology Co.,Ltd.FIT2CLOUD[EB/OL].[2020-04-10].https://www.fit2cloud.com.(in Chinese) 飞致云信息科技有限公司.FIT2CLOUD[EB/OL].[2020-04-10].https://www.fit2cloud.com.
[37] Bespin Global Technology Co.,Ltd.BESPIN GLOBAL[EB/OL].[2020-04-10].https://www.bespinglobal.cn.(in Chinese) 贝斯平云科技有限公司.BESPIN GLOBAL[EB/OL].[2020-04-10].https://www.bespinglobal.cn.
[38] ZHENG Liming,LI Xiaodong.Low-cost multi-node failure repair method for erasure codes[J].Computer Engineering,2017,43(7):110-118,123.(in Chinese) 郑力明,李晓冬.面向纠删码的低成本多节点失效修复方法[J].计算机工程,2017,43(7):110-118,123.
[39] WANG Yijie,LI Sijun.Research and performance evaluation of data replication technology in distributed storage systems[J].Computers and Mathematics with Applications,2006,51(11):1625-1632.
[40] PLANK J S,THOMASON M G.An exploration of non-asymptotic low-density,parity check erasure codes for wide-area storage applications[J].Parallel Processing Letters,2007,17(1):103-123.
[41] WANG Yijie,XU Fangliang,PEI Xiaoqiang.Research on erasure code-based fault-tolerant technology for distributed storage[J].Chinese Journal of Computers,2017,40(1):236-255.(in Chinese) 王意洁,许方亮,裴晓强.分布式存储中的纠删码容错技术研究[J].计算机学报,2017,40(1):236-255.
[42] SOLOMON I S R.Polynomial codes over certain finite fields[J].Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics,1960,8(2):300-304.
[43] HU Y,YU C M,LI Y K,et al.NCFS:on the practicality and extensibility of a network-coding-based distributed file system[C]//Proceedings of 2011 International Symposium on Network Coding.Piscataway,USA:IEEE Press,2011:233-245.
[44] BESSANI A,CORRIA M,QUARESMA B,et al.DEPSKY:dependable and secure storage in a cloud-of-clouds[J].ACM Transactions on Storage,2013,9(4):12.
[45] BOEERS K D,JUELS A,OPREA A.HAIL:a high-availability and integrity layer for cloud storage[C]//Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security.New York,USA:ACM Press,2009:187-198.
[46] AHLSWEDE R,CAI N,LI S Y R,et al.Network information flow[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2000,46(4):1204-1216.
[47] TAN Shuang,JIA Yan,HAN Weihong.Research and development of provable data integrity in cloud storage[J].Chinese Journal of Computers,2015,38(1):164-177.(in Chinese) 谭霜,贾焰,韩伟红.云存储中的数据完整性证明研究及进展[J].计算机学报,2015,38(1):164-177.
[48] CURTMOLA R,KHAN O,BURNS R,et al.MR-PDP:multiple-replica provable data possession[C]//Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.Piscataway,USA:IEEE Press,2008:411-420.
[49] ERWAY C C,PAPAMANTHOU C,TAMASSIN R.Dynamic provable data possession[J].ACM Transactions on Information and System Security,2015,17(4):1-29.
[50] WANG Cong,WANG Qian,REN Kui,et al.Privacy-preserving public auditing for data storage security in cloud computing[C]//Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM’10.Piscataway,USA:IEEE Press,2010:1-9.
[51] ATENIESE G,BURNS R,CURTMOLA R,et al.Provable data possession at untrusted stores[C]//Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security.New York,USA:ACM Press,2007:598-609.
[52] JUELS A,JR B S K.PORs:proofs of retrievability for large files[C]//Proceedings of ACM Conference on Computer & Communications Security.New York,USA:ACM Press,2007:108-119.
[53] CHEN B,CURTMOLA R.Robust dynamic remote data checking for public clouds[C]//Proceedings of 2012 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security.New York,USA:ACM Press,2012:1043-1045.
[54] CAO Laicheng,HE Wenwen,LIU Yufei,et al.An integrity verification scheme of completeness and zero-knowledge for multi-cloud storage[J].International Journal of Communication Systems,2017,30(16):3324-3335.
[55] PEI Xin,LIN Jiuchuan,JIN Bo,et al.Ensuring replication-based data integrity and availability in multicloud storage[C]//Proceedings of the 17th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering,Artificial Intelligence,Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing.Piscataway,USA:IEEE Press,2016:687-692.
[56] LEVY D.Zookeeper[C]//Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Computer Animation Festival.New York,USA:ACM Press,2011:458-469.
[57] DECANDIA G,HASTORUN D,JAMPANI M,et al.Dynamo:amazon’s highly available key-value store[J].ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review,2007,41(6):205-220.
[58] PAPAIOANNOU T G,BONVIN N,ABERERK.Scalia:an adaptive scheme for efficient multi-cloud storage[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on High Performance Computing,Networking,Storage and Analysis.Piscataway,USA:IEEE Computer Society Press,2012:20-31.
[59] E Jinlong,CUI Yong,WANG Peng,et al.Cocloud:enabling efficient cross-cloud file collaboration based on inefficient Web APIs[J].IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,2017,29(1):56-69.
[60] XIE Fei,YAN Jun,SHEN Jun.A bandwidth and latency based replica selection mechanism for data-intensive workflow applications in the multi-cloud environment[C]//Proceedings of Australasian Computer Science Week Multi-Conference.New York,USA:ACM Press,2020:1-8.
[61] SHI Tao,MA Hui,CHEN Gang,et al.Location-aware and budget-constrained service deployment for composite applications in multi-cloud environment[J].IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,2020,31(8):1954-1969.
[62] FU Yinjin,XIAO Nong,LIU Fang.Research and development on key techniques of data deduplication[J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2012,49(1):12-20.(in Chinese) 付印金,肖侬,刘芳.重复数据删除关键技术研究进展[J].计算机研究与发展,2012,49(1):12-20.
[63] XIONG Jinbo,ZHANG Yuanyuan,LI Fenghua,et al.Research progress on secure data deduplication in cloud[J].Journal on Communications,2016,37(11):169-180.(in Chinese) 熊金波,张媛媛,李凤华,等.云环境中数据安全去重研究进展[J].通信学报,2016,37(11):169-180.
[64] MAO Bo,YE Geyan,LAN Yanjia,et al.A data deduplication-based primary storage system in cloud-of-clouds[J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2015,52(6):1278-1287.(in Chinese) 毛波,叶阁焰,蓝琰佳,等.一种基于重复数据删除技术的云中云存储系统[J].计算机研究与发展,2015,52(6):1278-1287.
[65] RADE P,BARKADE V M.A cost efficient multi-cloud data hosting using heuristic data placement algorithm[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control.Piscataway,USA:IEEE Press,2018:403-407.
[66] LIU Jian,ASOKAN N,PINKAS B.Secure deduplication of encrypted data without additional independent servers[C]//Proceedings of ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer & Communications Security.New York,USA:ACM Press,2015:132-147.
[67] LI Mingqiang,QIN Chuan,LI Jingwei,et al.CDStore:toward reliable,secure,and cost-efficient cloud storage via convergent dispersal[J].IEEE Internet Computing,2016,20(3):45-53.
[68] SHEN Lu,FENG Shifang,SUN Jinjin,et al.CloudS:a multi-cloud storage system with multi-level security[J].IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems,2016,99(8):2036-2043.
[69] LI Yandong,ZHU Lichuang,SHEN Meng,et al.CloudShare:towards a cost-efficient and privacy-preserving alliance cloud using permissioned blockchains[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Mobile Networks and Manage-ment.Berlin,German:Springer,2017:339-352.
[70] XIAO Liang,LI Qiangda,LIU Jinliang.Survey on secure cloud storage[J].Journal of Data Acquisition & Processing,2016,31(3):464-472.(in Chinese) 肖亮,李强达,刘金亮.云存储安全技术研究进展综述[J].数据采集与处理,2016,31(3):464-472.
[71] SHI Weisong,SUN Hui,CAO Jie,et al.Edge computing-an emerging computing model for the internet of everything era[J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2017,54(5):907-924.(in Chinese) 施巍松,孙辉,曹杰,等.边缘计算:万物互联时代新型计算模型[J].计算机研究与发展,2017,54(5):907-924.
[72] ABDELBAKY M,DIAZ-MONTES J,PARASHAR M,et al.Docker containers across multiple clouds and data centers[C]//Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing.Piscataway,USA:IEEE Press,2015:368-371.
[73] BREWER E A.Towards robust distributed systems[C]//Proceedings of the 19th Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing.New York,USA:ACM Press,2000:768-779.
[74] PRITCHETT D.Base:an acid alternative[J].Queue,2008,6(3):48-55.
[75] LI Zhenhao.Design and implementation of cloud platform supporting multi-cloud collaboration[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,2019.(in Chinese) 李振豪.支持多云协作的云平台的设计与实现[D].北京:北京邮电大学,2019.
[76] GRAY J,LAMPORT L.Consensus on transaction commit[J].ACM Transactions on Database Systems,2006,31(1):133-160.
[77] LIU Y A,CHAND S,STOLLER S D.Moderately complex Paxos made simple:high-level executable specification of distributed algorithms[C]//Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Principles and Practice of Programming Languages.New York,USA:ACM Press,2019:15-29.
[78] JUNQUEIRA F P,REED B C,SERAFINI M.Zab:high-performance broadcast for primary-backup systems[C]//Proceedings of IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems & Networks.Piscataway,USA:IEEE Press,2011:589-594.
[79] ZHANG Chendong,GUO Jinwei,LIU Bozhong,et al.High availability implementation based on Raft[J].Journal of East China Normal University:Natural Science,2015,2015(5):172-184.(in Chinese) 张晨东,郭进伟,刘柏众,等.基于Raft一致性协议的高可用性实现[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015(5):172-184.
[80] LI Hui,SUN Wenhai,LI Fenghua,et al.Secure and privacy-preserving data storage service in public cloud[J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2014,51(7):1397-1409.(in Chinese) 李晖,孙文海,李凤华,等.公共云存储服务数据安全及隐私保护技术综述[J].计算机研究与发展,2014,51(7):1397-1409.
[81] KE Changbo,HUANG Zhiqiu.Privacy requirement description and checking method in cloud computing[J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2015,52(4):879-888.(in Chinese) 柯昌博,黄志球.云计算环境下隐私需求的描述与检测方法[J].计算机研究与发展,2015,52(4):879-888.
[82] KOLLER R,RANGASWAMI R.I/O deduplication:utilizing content similarity to improve I/O performance[J].ACM Transactions on Storage,2010,6(3):211-224.
[83] CHEN Feng,LUO Tian,ZHANG Xiaodong.CAFTL:a content-aware flash translation layer enhancing the lifespan of flash memory based solid state drives[C]//Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Conference on File & Storage Technologies.Berkeley,USA:USENIX Association,2019:77-90.
[84] LIU Yining,ZHOU Yuanjian,LAN Rushi,et al.Blockchain-based verification scheme for deletion operation in cloud[J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2018,55(10):2199-2207.(in Chinese) 刘忆宁,周元健,蓝如师,等.基于区块链的云数据删除验证协议[J].计算机研究与发展,2018,55(10):2199-2207.
[85] CHEN Weili,ZHENG Zibin.Blockchain data analysis:a review of status,trends and challenges[J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2018,55(9):1853-1870.(in Chinese) 陈伟利,郑子彬.区块链数据分析:现状、趋势与挑战[J].计算机研究与发展,2018,55(9):1853-1870.
[86] HE Haiwu,YAN An,CHEN Zehua.Survey of smart contract technology and application based on blockchain[J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2018,55(11):2452-2466.(in Chinese)贺海武,延安,陈泽华.基于区块链的智能合约技术与应用综述[J].计算机研究与发展,2018,55(11):2452-2466.
[87] WANG Binfeng,SU Jinshu,CHEN Lin.Review of the design of data center network for cloud computing[J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2016,53(9):2085-2106.(in Chinese)王斌锋,苏金树,陈琳.云计算数据中心网络设计综述[J].计算机研究与发展,2016,53(9):2085-2106.
[88] SHI Xuelin,XU Ke.Utility maximization model of virtual machine scheduling in cloud environment[J].Chinese Journal of Computers,2013,36(2):252-262.(in Chinese)师雪霖,徐恪.云虚拟机资源分配的效用最大化模型[J].计算机学报,2013,36(2):252-262.
[89] KURDI H,ALSALAMAH S,ALATAWI A,et al.Healthybroker:a trustworthy blockchain-based multi-cloud broker for patient-centered ehealth services[J].Electronics,2019,8(6):1-17.
[90] LI Zhiyong,CHEN Shaomiao,YANG Bo,et al.Multi-objective memetic algorithm for task scheduling on heterogeneous cloud[J].Chinese Journal of Computers,2016,39(2):377-390.(in Chinese)李智勇,陈少淼,杨波,等.异构云环境多目标Memetic优化任务调度方法[J].计算机学报,2016,39(2):377-390.
[91] PAN Chen,LIU Zhiqiang,LIU Zhen,et al.Research on scalability of blockchain technology:problems and methods[J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2018,55(10):2099-2110.(in Chinese)潘晨,刘志强,刘振,等.区块链可扩展性研究:问题与方法[J].计算机研究与发展,2018,55(10):2099-2110.
[92] XU Ye,MENG Hong,CHENG Jiayu,et al.The stratagem of IBM’s smarter planet and china’s countermeasures[J].Forum on Science and Technology in China,2010(4):20-23.(in Chinese)许晔,孟弘,程家瑜,等.IBM"智慧地球"战略与我国的对策[J].中国科技论坛,2010(4):20-23.

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容