基于SM9盲签名与环签名的安全电子选举协议

doi:10.19678/j.issn.1000-3428.0066576

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对电子选举过程中匿名性、公开可验证性、选票碰撞及伪造等问题，提出基于SM9算法的匿名公开可验证电子选举系统协议设计方案。以SM9签名算法为基础，构造基于身份的SM9盲签名算法和可链接环签名算法。算法安全分析表明，在随机预言机模型下，盲签名算法具有盲性和不可伪造性，环签名算法具有不可伪造性、匿名性、可链接性。在计算开销方面，盲签名算法在密钥提取阶段只需要1次标量乘、1次模逆和1次模乘运算，单次消耗的时间约为0.871 7 ms，环签名算法在密钥提取、环签名生成、环签名验证阶段均具有较高的效率，整个环签名过程只需要5次双线性对运算，单次消耗的时间约为27.261 7 ms。在通信开销方面，盲签名和环签名的签名长度均优于对比方案。电子选举协议的安全分析表明，所提方案满足电子选举系统的安全要求，与同类方案相比具有公开可验证、无收据性等优点，适合应用于大规模选举。

关键词: SM9密码算法, 盲签名, 环签名, 不可伪造性, 匿名性, 可链接性, 电子选举

Abstract: To solve the problems of anonymity，public verifiability，ballot collision，and forgery in the process of e-voting，an anonymous public verifiable e-voting system protocol design scheme is proposed based on SM9 algorithm.This scheme constructs an identity-based SM9 blind signature algorithm and linkable ring signature algorithm based on SM9 cryptographic algorithm. Algorithm security analysis shows that，under the random oracle model，the blind signature algorithm is blind and unforgeable，and the ring signature algorithm is unforgeable，anonymous，and linkable.In terms of computational overhead，the blind signature algorithm has certain advantages in the key extraction stage. It only requires one scalar multiplication operation，one modular inverse operation，and one modular multiplication operation，and the time consumed is only approximately 0.871 7 ms. The ring signature algorithm has higher efficiency in each stage of key extraction，ring signature generation，and ring signature verification，and the time consumed is only approximately 27.261 7 ms. In terms of communication overhead，the signature lengths of both blind signature and ring signature are better than those of the comparison schemes. Security analysis of the e-voting protocol shows that the proposed scheme meets the security requirements of the e-voting system. Compared with similar schemes，it has the advantages of open verifiability and no receipt，and is suitable for large-scale elections.

Key words: SM9 cryptographic algorithm, blind signature, ring signature, unforgeability, anonymoity, linkability, e-voting

中图分类号:

TP309.7

饶金涛, 崔喆. 基于SM9盲签名与环签名的安全电子选举协议[J]. 计算机工程, 2023, 49(6): 13-23,33.

RAO Jintao, CUI Zhe. Secure E-Voting Protocol Based on SM9 Blind Signature and Ring Signature[J]. Computer Engineering, 2023, 49(6): 13-23,33.

https://www.ecice06.com/CN/Y2023/V49/I6/13

图/表 10

20230615155004

20230615164134

20230615164137

20230615164141

20230615164144

20230615164148

20230615164151

20230615164154

20230615164159

20230615164202

参考文献

[1] CETINKAYA O.Analysis of security requirements for cryptographic voting protocols(extended abstract)[C]//Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Availability,Reliability and Security.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2008:1451-1456.
[2] RISNANTO S,RAHIM Y A,MOHD O,et al.E-voting:security,threats and prevention[C]//Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Telecommunication Systems,Services,and Applications.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2022:1-8.
[3] KHO Y X,HENG S H,CHIN J J.A review of cryptographic electronic voting[J].Symmetry,2022,14(5):858.
[4] RIBARSKI P,ANTOVSKI L.Comparison of ID-based blind signatures from pairings for e-voting protocols[C]//Proceedings of the 37th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology,Electronics and Microelectronics.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2014:1394-1399.
[5] 罗芬芬,林昌露,张胜元,等.基于FOO投票协议的无收据电子投票方案[J].计算机科学,2015,42(8):180-184.LUO F F,LIN C L,ZHANG S Y,et al.Receipt-freeness electronic voting scheme based on FOO voting protocol[J].Computer Science,2015,42(8):180-184.(in Chinese)
[6] HARN L,HSU C,XIA Z,et al.Multiple blind signature for e-voting and e-cash[J].The Computer Journal,2022,65(6):1-8.
[7] PERERA M N S,NAKAMURA T,HASHIMOTO M,et al.A survey on group signatures and ring signatures:traceability vs.anonymity[J].Cryptography,2022,6(1):1-22.
[8] ISLAM N,ALAM K M R,TAMURA S,et al.A new e-voting scheme based on revised simplified verifiable re-encryption mixnet[C]//Proceedings of 2017 International Conference on Networking,Systems and Security.Dhaka,Bangladesh:[s.n.],2017:12-20.
[9] TEJEDOR-ROMERO M,ORDEN D,MARSA-MAESTRE I,et al.Distributed remote e-voting system based on Shamir's secret sharing scheme[J].Electronics,2021,10(24):3075.
[10] NAIR D G,BINUV P,KUMAR G S.An improved e-voting scheme using secret sharing based secure multi-party computation[C]//Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Communication Networks.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2014:130-137.
[11] FAN X Y,WU T,ZHENG Q H,et al.HSE-voting:a secure high-efficiency electronic voting scheme based on homomorphic signcryption[J].Future Generation Computer Systems,2020,111:754-762.
[12] AL-MAAITAH S,QATAWNEH M,QUZMAR A.E-voting system based on blockchain technology:a survey[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Information Technology.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2021:200-205.
[13] YANG X,YI X,NEPAL S,et al.Decentralized voting:a self-tallying voting system using a smart contract on the Ethereum blockchain[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2018:18-35.
[14] ZHANG S F,WANG L L,XIONG H.Chaintegrity:blockchain-enabled large-scale e-voting system with robustness and universal verifiability[J].International Journal of Information Security,2020,19(3):323-341.
[15] KHAN K M,ARSHAD J,KHAN M M.Investigating performance constraints for blockchain based secure e-voting system[J].Future Generation Computer Systems,2020,105:13-26.
[16] FUJIOKA A,OKAMOTO T,OHTA K.A practical secret voting scheme for large scale elections[C]//Proceedings of AUSCRYPT'92.Berlin,Germany:Springer,1993:244-251.
[17] POINTCHEVAL D,STERN J.Security arguments for digital signatures and blind signatures[J].Journal of Cryptology,2000,13(3):361-396.
[18] KHARCHINEH B,ETTELAEE M.A new electronic voting protocol using a new blind signature scheme[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Future Networks.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2010:190-194.
[19] GUPTA N,KUMAR P,CHOKAR S.A secure blind signature application in e-voting[C]//Proceedings of the 5th National Conference on Computing for National Development.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2011:1-4.
[20] ZHANG H Y,YOU Q Z,ZHANG J X.A lightweight electronic voting scheme based on blind signature and Kerberos mechanism[C]//Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Electronics Information and Emergency Communication.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2015:210-214.
[21] ZHANG F G,KIM K.ID-based blind signature and ring signature from pairings[C]//Proceedings of ASIACRYPT'02.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2002:533-547.
[22] ZHANG L,HU Y,TIAN X,et al.Novel identity-based blind signature for e-voting system[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Education Technology and Computer Science.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2010:122-125.
[23] KUMAR M,KATTI,C P,SAXENA P C.A secure anonymous e-voting system using identity-based blind signature scheme[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Information Systems Security.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2017:29-49.
[24] SARDE P,BANERJEE A.A secure ID-based blind and proxy blind signature scheme from bilinear pairings[J].Journal of Applied Security Research,2017,12(2):276-286.
[25] YIN S,LI H,KARIM S,et al.ECID:elliptic curve identity-based blind signature scheme[J].International Journal of Network Security,2021,23(1):9-13.
[26] RIVEST R L,SHAMIR A,TAUMAN Y.How to leak a secret[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2001:552-565.
[27] BENDER A,KATZ J,MORSELLI R.Ring signatures:stronger definitions,and constructions without random oracles[C]//Proceedings of Theory of Cryptography Conference.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2006:60-79.
[28] TSANG P P,WEI V K.Short linkable ring signatures for e-voting,e-cash and attestation[C]//Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Information Security Practice and Experience.Singapore:[s.n.],2005:48-60.
[29] MALINA L,HAJNY J,DZURENDA P,et al.Lightweight ring signatures for decentralized privacy-preserving transactions[C]//Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference.Porto,Portugal:[s.n.],2018:692-697.
[30] WU Y.An e-voting system based on blockchain and ring signature[D].Birmingham,UK:University of Birmingham,2017.
[31] CHOW M,SUSILO W,YUEN T H.Escrowed linkability of ring signatures and its applications[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Cryptology in Vietnam.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2006:175-192.
[32] AU M H,LIU J K,SUSILO W,et al.Secure ID-based linkable and revocable-iff-linked ring signature with constant-size construction[J].Theoretical Computer Science,2013,469:1-14.
[33] ZENG S,HUANG Y,LIU X.Privacy-preserving communication for VANETs with conditionally anonymous ring signature[J].International Journal of Network Security,2015,17(2):135-141.
[34] HAN X,ZHANG D W,HUANG Z M,et al.Revocable one-time ring signature from pairings[J].Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,2022,2022:1-14.
[35] 赖建昌,黄欣沂,何德彪.一种基于商密SM9的高效标识广播加密方案[J].计算机学报,2021,44(5):897-907.LAI J C,HUANG X Y,HE D B.An efficient identity-based broadcast encryption scheme based on SM9[J].Chinese Journal of Computers,2021,44(5):897-907.(in Chinese)
[36] 杨亚涛,蔡居良,张筱薇,等.基于SM9算法可证明安全的区块链隐私保护方案[J].软件学报,2019,30(6):1692-1704.YANG Y T,CAI J L,ZHANG X W,et al.Privacy preserving scheme in block chain with provably secure based on SM9 algorithm[J].Journal of Software,2019,30(6):1692-1704.(in Chinese)
[37] MU Y S,XU H X,LI P L,et al.Secure two-party SM9 signing[J].Science China Information Sciences,2020,63:189101.

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容