区块链共识机制综述

doi:10.19678/j.issn.1000-3428.0059070

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 区块链能够有效融合物联网、5G、大数据和人工智能等技术，在新型基础设施建设中具有重要作用。共识机制作为区块链的核心技术，能够保障区块链数据库的一致性和正确性，从而决定区块链的安全性、扩展性、吞吐量等相关性能。根据区块链共识机制的技术路线，将其细分为3类单一共识机制和6类混合共识机制。从原理实现角度，系统描述共识机制的理论技术，归纳节点达成一致所需的运算操作并评价共识机制的优缺点。从工程应用角度，具体分析共识机制的应用情况，介绍区块链项目并对比共识机制的关键性能。针对现有共识机制研究中存在的能耗与效率问题给出相应的解决方案，并对其奖惩制度、网络分片与存储分片技术等下一步研究方向进行展望。

关键词: 区块链, 共识机制, 拜占庭容错, 分布式系统, 一致性

Abstract: Blockchain can effectively connect the Internet of Things,5G,big data,artificial intelligence and other technologies,playing an important role in new infrastructure construction.As the core of blockchain technology,the consensus mechanism determines the consistency and correctness of the blockchain databases,and thus determines the security,extensibility and throughout of blockchain.This paper categorizes the existing consensus mechanisms of blockchain into three types of single consensus mechanisms and six types of mixed consensus mechanisms.From the perspective of principle realization,it systematically describes the principles of each kind of consensus mechanism,their advantages and disadvantages,and the operations required for the consistency of inductive nodes.From the perspectives of engineering applications,it analyzes the application scenarios of the consensus mechanisms,introduces blockchain projects,and compares the key performance between consensus mechanisms.Finally,it gives the solutions to the problems of energy consumption and efficiency faced by existing consensus mechanism studies,and discusses the further research directions including the reward and punishment mechanism,network slicing and storage slicing.

Key words: blockchain, consensus mechanism, Byzantine Fault Tolerance(BFT), distributed system, consistency

中图分类号:

TP302.8

谭敏生, 杨杰, 丁琳, 李行健, 夏石莹. 区块链共识机制综述[J]. 计算机工程, 2020, 46(12): 1-11.

TAN Minsheng, YANG Jie, DING Lin, LI Xingjian, XIA Shiying. Review of Consensus Mechanism of Blockchain[J]. Computer Engineering, 2020, 46(12): 1-11.

https://www.ecice06.com/CN/Y2020/V46/I12/1

图/表 8

20201216135810

20201216135813

20201216135816

20201216135821

20201216135825

20201216135828

20201216135832

20201216135835

参考文献

[1] NAKAMOTO S.Bitcoin:a peer-to-peer electronic cash system[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-paper.
[2] BitInfoCharts.Cryptocurrency statistics[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://bitinfocharts.com/cryptocurr ency-prices/.
[3] ZHANG Liang,LIU Baixiang,ZHANG Ruyi,et al.Overview of blockchain technology[J].Computer Engineering,2019,45(5):1-12.(in Chinese)张亮,刘百祥,张如意,等.区块链技术综述[J].计算机工程,2019,45(5):1-12.
[4] ZHENG Zibin,XIE Shaoan,DAI Hongning,et al.An overview of blockchain technology:architecture,consensus,and future trends[C]//Proceedings of 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2017:557-564.
[5] BACH L M,MIHALJEVIC B,ZAGAR M.Comparative analysis of blockchain consensus algorithms[C]//Proceedings of the 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology,Electronics and Microelectronics.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2018:1545-1550.
[6] CLARKE S,CRAIG I,WYSZYNSKI M.Litecoin cash:the best of all worlds SHA256 cryptocurrency[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://litecoinca.sh/downloads/lcc_whit epaper.pdf.
[7] EYAL I,GENCER A E,SIRER E G,et al.Bitcoin-NG:a scalable blockchain protocol[C]//Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation.Santa Clara,USA:USENIX Association,2016:45-59.
[8] SOMPOLINSKY Y,ZOHAR A.Secure high-rate transaction processing in bitcoin[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer,2015.
[9] KIAYIAS A,PANAGIOTAKOS G.On trees,chains and fast transactions in the blockchain[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Cryptology and Information Security in Latin America.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2017:327-351.
[10] CHEN L,XU L,SHAH N,et al.Unraveling blockchain based crypto-currency system supporting oblivious transactions:a formalized approach[C]//Proceedings of ACM Workshop on Blockchain,Cryptocurrencies and Contracts.New York,USA:ACM Press,2017:23-28.
[11] FENG Q,HE D B,ZEADALLY S,et al.A survey on privacy protection in blockchain system[J].Journal of Network and Computer Applications,2019,126:45-58.
[12] Bitcoin mining pools[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://www.buybitcoinworldwide.com/mining/pools/.
[13] KING S.Primecoin:cryptocurrency with prime number proof-of-work[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].http://launch.primecoin.org/static/primecoin-paper.pdf.
[14] SHOKER A.Sustainable blockchain through proof of exercise[C]//Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2017:1-9.
[15] O'DWYER K J,MALONE D.Bitcoin mining and its energy footprint[C]//Proceedings of the 25th IET Irish Signals & Systems Conference.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2014:280-285.
[16] Digiconomist.Bitcoin sustainability[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption.
[17] BUTERIN V.A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://cryptorum.com/resources/ethereum-whitepaper-smart-contracts-and-decentralized-application-platform.2/.
[18] Ethereum Project.Eth2.0[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs.
[19] BALDOMINOS A,SAEZ Y.Coin.AI:a proof-of-useful-work scheme for blockchain-based distributed deep learning[J].Entropy,2019,21(8):723.
[20] KING S,NADAL S.PPcoin:peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake[C]//Proceedings of 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communica-tions Security.New York,USA:ACM Press,2016:1-27.
[21] Peerchemist.Peer assets whitepaper[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://www.peercoin.net/.
[22] VASIN P.Blackcoin's proof-of-stake protocol V2[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://blackcoin.org/blackcoin-pos-prot ocol-v2-whitepaper.pdf.
[23] XIA Changlin,SONG Yurong,JIANG Guoping.An optimized proof of stake consensus strategy[J].Computer Engineering,2019,45(5):25-28,34.(in Chinese)夏昌琳,宋玉蓉,蒋国平.一种优化的权益证明共识策略[J].计算机工程,2019,45(5):25-28,34.
[24] KIAYIAS A,RUSSELL A,DAVID B,et al.Ouroboros:a provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol[C]//Proceedings of Annual International Cryptology Conference.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2017:357-388.
[25] DAVID B,GAŽI P,KIAYIAS A,et al.Ouroboros praos:an adaptively-secure,semi-synchronous proof-of-stake blockchain[C]//Proceedings of Annual Inter-national Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2018:66-98.
[26] CACHIN C.Architecture of the hyperledger blockchain fabric[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f852/c5f3fe649f8a17ded391df0796677a59927f.pdf.
[27] SUN Jiahao,MENG Xiangsi,ZHANG Haoyun,et al.Hierarchical consensus optimization of blockchain based on trust delegation[J/OL].Computer Engineering:1-11[2020-06-14].https://doi.org/10.19678/j.issn.1000-3428.0056097.(in Chinese)孙嘉豪,孟翔斯,张浩运,等.基于改进PBFT的区块链知识产权保护模型[J/OL].计算机工程:1-11[2020-06-14].https://doi.org/10.19678/j.issn.1000-3428.0056097.
[28] CASTRO M,LISKOV B.Practical Byzantine fault tolerance and proactive recovery[J].ACM Transactions on Computer Systems,2002,20(4):398-461.
[29] KOTLA R,ALVISI L,DAHLIN M,et al.Zyzzyva:speculative Byzantine fault tolerance[C]//Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGOPS Symposium on Operating Systems Principles.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2007:45-58.
[30] GUETA G G,ABRAHAM I,GROSSMAN S,et al.SBFT:a scalable and decentralized trust infrastructure[C]//Proceedings of the 49th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2019:568-580.
[31] SCHWARTZ D,YOUNGS N,BRITTO A.The ripple protocol consensus algorithm[C]//Proceedings of Annual International Cryptology Conference.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2017:357-388.
[32] MAZIERES D.The stellar consensus protocol:a federated model for Internet-level consensus[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-mazieres-dinrg-scp-04.
[33] HODEL P,CACHIN C.Integrating BLS signatures in PROTECT[EB/OL].[2020-10-22].https://crypto.unibe.ch/archive/theses/2020.msc.patrick.hodel.pdf.
[34] LIBERT B,JOYE M,YUNG M.Born and raised distributively:fully distributed non-interactive adaptively-secure threshold signatures with short shares[J].Theoretical Computer Science,2016,645:1-24.
[35] WANG Y.A review of threshold digital signature schemes[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://webpages.uncc.edu/yonwang/papers/reviewTSS.pdf.
[36] BENTOV I,LEE C,MIZRAHI A,et al.Proof of activity:extending bitcoin's proof of work via proof of stake[J].ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review,2014,42(3):34-37.
[37] SCHUH F,LARIMER D.Bitshares 2.0:financial smart contract platform[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://www.weusecoins.com/assets/pdf/library/Bitshares%20Financial%20Platform.pdf.
[38] Bitshare Project.Delegated proof-of-stake consensus[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://bitshares.org/technology/delegated-proof-of-stake-consensus/.
[39] SCHUH F,LARIMER D.Bitshares 2.0:general overview[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://cryptorating.eu/white papers/BitShares/bitshares-general.pdf.
[40] EOS Project.EOS.IO technical white paper[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://github.com/EOSIO/Documentation/blob/master/Technical WhiterPaper.md.
[41] HANKE T,MOVAHEDI M,WILLIAMS D.DFINITY technology overview series,consensus system[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.04548.
[42] JAGER T.Verifiable random functions from weaker assumptions[C]//Proceedings of Theory of Cryptography Conference.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2015:121-143.
[43] HOHENBERGER S,WATERS B.Constructing verifiable random functions with large input spaces[C]//Proceedings of Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2010:656-672.
[44] MICALI S,RABIN M,VADHAN S.Verifiable random functions[C]//Proceedings of the 40th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,1999:120-130.
[45] ABRAHAM I,MALKHI D,NAYAK K,et al.Dfinity consensus,explored[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/1153.pdf.
[46] NEO Project.NEO whitepaper[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://docs.neo.org/docs/zh-cn/basic/whitepaper.html.
[47] Ontology Project.Consensus mechanism[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://docs.ont.io/ontology-elements/consensus-mechanism.
[48] GILAD Y,HEMO R,MICALI S,et al.Algorand:scaling Byzantine agreements for cryptocurrencies[C]//Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2017:51-68.
[49] CHEN J,MICALI S.Algorand:a secure and efficient distributed ledger[J].Theoretical Computer Science,2019,777:155-183.
[50] LEUNG D,SUHL A,GILAD Y,et al.Vault:fast bootstrapping for the Algorand cryptocurrency[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://people.csail.mit.edu/nickolai/papers/leung-vault.pdf.
[51] KOKORIS-KOGIAS E,JOVANOVIC P,GASSER L,et al.Omniledger:a secure,scale-out,decentralized ledger via sharding[C]//Proceedings of 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2018:583-598.
[52] KWON J.Tendermint:consensus without mining[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].http://diyhpl.us/~bryan/papers2/bitcoin/tendermint_v03.pdf.
[53] Cita Project.Cita-whitepaper[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://github.com/citahub/cita-whitepaper.
[54] AL-BASSAM M,SONNINO A,BANO S,et al.Chainspace:a sharded smart contracts platform[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.03778.
[55] MILLER A,JUELS A,SHI E,et al.Permacoin:repurposing bitcoin work for data preservation[C]//Proceedings of 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.Washington D.C.,USA:IEEE Press,2014:475-490.
[56] PARK S,KWON A,FUCHSBAUER G,et al.Spacemint:a cryptocurrency based on proofs of space[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer,2018:480-499.
[57] CHEN L,XU L,SHAH N,et al.On security analysis of Proof-of-Elapsed-Time(PoET)[C]//Proceedings of International Symposium on Stabilization,Safety,and Security of Distributed Systems.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2017:282-297.
[58] ANGELIS D S,ANIELLO L,BALDONI R,et al.PBFT vs proof-of-authority:applying the cap theorem to permissioned blockchain[EB/OL].[2020-06-14].https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/415083/.
[59] KARANTIAS K,KIAYIAS A,ZINDROS D.Proof-of-burn[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2020:523-540.

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容