基于路径规划和像素翻转的鲁棒二维码隐写算法

doi:10.19678/j.issn.1000-3428.0252005

计算机工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (8): 163-175. doi: 10.19678/j.issn.1000-3428.0252005

基于路径规划和像素翻转的鲁棒二维码隐写算法

李红棒¹, 董理¹^,*(), 王让定¹, 严迪群¹, 李元满², 廖鑫³

1. 宁波大学信息科学与工程学院, 浙江宁波 315211
2. 深圳大学电子与信息工程学院, 广东深圳 518000
3. 湖南大学信息科学与工程学院, 湖南长沙 410000

收稿日期:2025-01-06 修回日期:2025-03-26 出版日期:2026-08-15 发布日期:2025-05-14
通讯作者: 董理
作者简介:
李红棒(CCF学生会员), 男, 硕士研究生, 主研方向为多媒体安全
董理(通信作者)，副教授、博士
王让定, 教授、博士
严迪群, 副教授、博士
李元满, 助理教授、博士
廖鑫, 教授、博士
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(62171244); 浙江省自然科学基金(LY23F020011)

Robust QR Code Steganography Algorithm Based on Path Planning and Pixel Flipping

LI Hongbang¹, DONG Li¹^,*(), WANG Rangding¹, YAN Diqun¹, LI Yuanman², LIAO Xin³

1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
2. College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
3. College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China

Received:2025-01-06 Revised:2025-03-26 Online:2026-08-15 Published:2025-05-14
Contact: DONG Li

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

二维码作为一种高效的信息存储和传输方式, 广泛应用于支付、广告和物流等领域。然而, 现有二维码隐写技术在噪声和干扰环境下的鲁棒性和隐蔽性尚存不足, 难以满足高安全性信息传输的需求。为此, 提出一种基于路径规划和像素翻转的鲁棒二维码隐写算法。该算法通过将二维码视为迷宫, 结合路径规划算法选择像素进行翻转, 确保在不影响二维码正常识别的前提下增强秘密信息的抗干扰能力。在技术实现上, 首先设计了路径规划算法用于选择最优像素点, 以减少信息嵌入对二维码图像质量的影响; 其次, 结合像素翻转技术实现秘密信息的嵌入, 并分析其在不同噪声条件下的表现。采用噪声攻击、图像扰动、物理失真等典型干扰场景对算法进行测试, 并以嵌入容量、图像质量, 以及信息恢复率为评价指标。实验结果表明, 该算法在提高二维码隐写的鲁棒性和隐蔽性方面具有显著优势, 适用于信息安全需求较高的场景, 同时为二维码隐写技术的进一步发展提供了新的思路。

关键词: 二维码隐写, 图像隐写术, 电脑鼠, 路径规划, 数字水印, 鲁棒隐写

Abstract:

As an efficient information storage and transmission method, QR codes are widely used in payment, advertising, and logistics. However, the robustness and steganography of existing QR code steganography techniques in noisy and disturbed environments are insufficient to meet the needs of high-security information transmission. Therefore, a robust QR code steganography algorithm based on path planning and pixel flipping is proposed. The algorithm ensures that the anti-jamming ability of the secret information is enhanced without affecting the normal recognition of the QR code by treating the QR code as a labyrinth and selecting pixels to be flipped in combination with the path planning algorithm. In terms of technical implementation, first, a path planning algorithm is designed for selecting the optimal pixel points to reduce the impact of information embedding on the image quality of the QR code; second, the embedding of the secret information is realized by applying the pixel flipping technique and analyzing its performance under different noise conditions. The algorithm is tested via experiments using typical interference scenarios such as noise attack, image perturbation, and physical distortion; the embedding capacity, image quality, and information recovery rate are used as evaluation indexes. The results show that the algorithm has significant advantages in improving the robustness and steganography of QR code steganography and is suitable for scenarios with high information security requirements. Moreover, the proposed algorithm opens avenues for further development of QR code steganography techniques.

Key words: QR code steganography, image steganography, MicroMouse, path planning, digital watermarking, robust steganography

李红棒, 董理, 王让定, 严迪群, 李元满, 廖鑫. 基于路径规划和像素翻转的鲁棒二维码隐写算法[J]. 计算机工程, 2026, 52(8): 163-175.

LI Hongbang, DONG Li, WANG Rangding, YAN Diqun, LI Yuanman, LIAO Xin. Robust QR Code Steganography Algorithm Based on Path Planning and Pixel Flipping[J]. Computer Engineering, 2026, 52(8): 163-175.

https://www.ecice06.com/CN/Y2026/V52/I8/163

图/表 12

图1 电脑鼠寻道示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of MicroMouse pathfinding

图2 系统框架

Fig.2 System framework

图3 嵌入流程图

Fig.3 Embedding flowchart

图4 提取流程图

Fig.4 Extraction flowchart

图5 多种水印算法效果对比

Fig.5 Comparison of the effect of various watermarking algorithms

图6 StegExpose隐写分析结果ROC图

Fig.6 ROC plot of StegExpose steganalysis results

图7 不同路径规划算法效率对比

Fig.7 Comparison of the efficiency among different path planning algorithms

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