Robust Video Watermark Algorithm Based on NSCT-PHFM

doi:10.19678/j.issn.1000-3428.0069515

Abstract

Abstract:

With the widespread use of short video sharing platforms and editing software, video copyright have become an urgent issue that needs to be addressed. To overcome this problem, robust video-watermarking methods have been proposed. However, under geometric attack conditions, their robustness significantly decreases because some watermarks are destroyed; therefore, finding a stable feature against a geometric attack is a challenge. This study proposes a robust video watermarking algorithm based on Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT)-Polar Harmonic Fourier Moments (PHFMs), utilizing the insensitivity of the NSCT to noise and the rotational invariance of PHFMs. Using the proposed Harris-Laplace feature point closed disk Region Of Interest (ROI) selection method, the ROI of the video keyframes is extracted as the watermark embedding domain. Further, NSCT is applied to the closed-disk ROI, and the PHFMs of the low-frequency sub-bands for the NSCT domain are calculated to embed the watermarks with quantization index modulation. The experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively resist different types of attacks, such as Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) compression, MPEG-2 compression, salt and pepper noise, Gaussian noise, cropping, rotation, and flipping, and that the carrier has a small distortion while ensuring the watermark's invisibility.

Key words: robust video watermark, Polar Harmonic Fourier Moments (PHFMs), Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT), keyframe, invisibility

摘要：

随着短视频分享平台和编辑软件的广泛使用，视频版权问题已经成为当下急需解决的问题。目前已有一些视频水印方法用于解决该问题。然而，几何攻击目前仍是短视频面临的主要威胁，寻找几何攻击下短视频的不变量成为此类鲁棒视频水印的关键。利用非下采样轮廓变换(NSCT)对噪声不敏感性和极谐波傅里叶矩(PHFM)的旋转不变性的性质，提出一种基于NSCT-PHFM的鲁棒视频水印算法。通过基于Harris-Laplace特征点封闭盘感兴趣区域(ROI)选择方法，提取视频关键帧的感兴趣区域并量化该区域NSCT域低频子带的PHFM矩嵌入水印。实验结果表明，该算法可以有效地抵抗联合图像专家组(JPEG)压缩、MPEG-2压缩、椒盐噪声、高斯噪声、剪切、旋转、翻转等攻击，并且在确保水印不可见性的同时，载体具有较小的失真。

关键词: 鲁棒视频水印, 极谐波傅里叶矩, 非下采样轮廓波变换, 关键帧, 不可见性

TIAN Shuangyan, CHEN Yanli, ZHOU Yonghui. Robust Video Watermark Algorithm Based on NSCT-PHFM[J]. Computer Engineering, 2025, 51(8): 317-329.

田双艳, 陈延利, 周永辉. 基于NSCT-PHFM的鲁棒视频水印算法[J]. 计算机工程, 2025, 51(8): 317-329.

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Figures/Tables 26

Fig.1 NSCT breakdown structure

Fig.2 Radial basis function of PHFM

Fig.3 The overall framework of the watermark scheme

Fig.4 Original watermark and scrambled watermark

Fig.5 Keyframe extraction

Fig.6 Construction of ROI

Fig.7 Level 2 NSCT decomposition of ROI brightness component

Fig.8 ROI under multiple attacks

Fig.9 3D histogram of PHFM amplitude values under various attacks

Fig.10 Two standard original video frames and their corresponding watermarked video frame

Fig.11 Original watermark and extracted watermark

Fig.12 Robustness against JPEG compression attacks

Fig.13 Robustness against JPEG2000 compression attacks

Fig.14 Robustness against rotation attacks

Fig.15 Robustness against noise and filtering attacks

Fig.16 Robustness against a combination attack of 5°rotation and 5% cropping

Fig.17 Robustness against Gaussian filter (3×3) and JPEG (90) combination attack

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